Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from commercialized fresh cheese in the south of Espírito Santo.

Cheeses are dairy products that can potentially contain a diverse range of harmful bacteria that could be consumed by humans, including the enteric pathogen Escherichia coli. This study aimed to characterize the presence of total coliforms, assess the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the main commercial antimicrobial classes and biocides, and evaluate the ability of 50 E. coli isolates obtained from fresh cheese sold in the southern region of Espírito Santo, Brazil, to produce biofilms. The counts of total coliforms + E. coli obtained averages of (A) 7.22 × 106 CFU/g, (B) 9.35 × 107 CFU/g, and (C) 1.16 × 106 CFU/g for different brands. All isolates were capable of forming biofilms, with 8%, 76%, and 16% of these isolates presenting high, moderate, and low adherence in biofilm formation, respectively. Most strains showed inhibition halos for the biocides chlorhexidine digluconate 2% (16 mm ± 4.34), iodopovidone 10% (7.14 mm ± 0.36), and sodium hypochlorite 2% (7.12 mm ± 0.33). Out of the 50 strains, 21 (42%) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Regarding the multiple resistance index, 3 (6%) strains were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes. Furthermore, 2 (4%) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers. Resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin was observed in 20% and 40% of the strains, respectively. In contrast, gentamicin was the most effective antimicrobial, with a sensitivity rate of 100%. The findings indicate that E. coli present in fresh cheese may possess unique physiological characteristics that could be associated with their persistence, virulence, and multidrug resistance. These results raise significant public health concerns since contaminated food can pose risks to consumers' health, emphasizing the importance of reinforcing hygienic-sanitary controls at all stages of production.

Encapsulation of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from spent coffee grounds using spray-drying and freeze-drying and characterization of dried powders.

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a coproduct that causes environmental impacts worldwide. Thus, consciously reusing the SCG is an eminent need. This work aimed to encapsulate phenolic compounds and antioxidants obtained from SCG extracts through spray- and freeze-drying techniques using different isolated and combined wall materials. The dried powders produced were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, bulk density, hygroscopicity, color, content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, and the results were compared. The results showed that all evaluated treatments resulted in a powdered product with low values of bulk density, moisture and water activity, especially for freeze-drying. The freeze-dried product also showed higher hygroscopicity. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, both drying methods showed high levels of these compounds in the dried product and good encapsulation efficiency, reaching 83.43%. In most cases, spray-drying and freeze-drying did not differ statistically (p > 0.05) in relation to bioactive compound content and encapsulation efficiency. In relation to wall materials, albumin showed the worst performance in the retention of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, pure gum arabic combined with maltodextrin led to better preservation of these compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spent coffee grounds are a coproduct generated in large quantities in the world. The encapsulation of phenolic and antioxidant compounds protects and enables their application in different food matrices. Therefore, the evaluation of different encapsulation methods and wall materials is important to define good process conditions.

Encapsulation of safflower oil in nanostructured lipid carriers for food application.

Safflower oil (SO) is mainly rich in linoleic acid (ω-6), oleic acid (ω-9), and other bioactives with potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, thermogenic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and anticancer activities. The reduced aqueous solubility and high susceptibility to oxidative degradation are undesirable for food applications and can be overcome by incorporation in lipid nanoparticles. Thus, the main goal was to develop and characterize SO-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC-SO) and to evaluate their potential for protection of the antioxidant activity of the bioactive. NLC-SO showed average size of 222 ± 2.0 nm, zeta potential of  43 ± 3.5 mV and the encapsulation efficiency was 49.0 ± 2.8%, combined with high thermal compatibility (up to 228 °C) and physical stability for up to 60 days in aqueous dispersion. Besides, the NLC-SO showed threefold reduction in the DPPH radical scavenge activity after encapsulation, indicating protection of the antioxidant components of the SO and preservation of the bioactives. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05078-5.

Gerontecnologias e internet das coisas para prevenção de quedas em idosos: revisão integrativa / Gerontecnologías y internet de las cosas para prevención de caídas en adultos mayores: revisión integradora / Internet of things gerontechnology for fall prevention in older adults: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar na literatura as gerontecnologias Internet das Coisas desenvolvidas para prevenção de acidentes por quedas em idosos. Métodos Revisão integrativa, realizada de janeiro a maio de 2020. Foram critérios de inclusão artigos, sem restrição de período ou idioma com indivíduos de 60 anos ou mais, que abordem a utilização de gerontecnologia Internet das Coisas para prevenção de quedas. Excluíram-se artigos duplicados. A busca foi realizada pela estratégia PIE (População, Intervenção, Efeito/Avaliação), resultando na pergunta: "Quais as gerontecnologias Internet das Coisas desenvolvidas para prevenção de acidentes por quedas em idosos disponíveis na literatura?". Foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus e Web of Science. Identificaram-se ano, tipo de estudo, país, profissionais envolvidos, desfecho, local de desenvolvimento e classificação em gerontecnologia Internet das Coisas e protótipos. Resultados Identificaram-se 23 gerontecnologias Internet das Coisas. Os anos de 2018 e 2019 apresentaram maiores números de publicações. Ocorreu predominância de estudos descritivos, por profissionais da ciência da computação e engenheiros e desenvolvidos na Europa, Ásia, América do Norte e Oceania. Encontraram-se oito gerontecnologias Internet das Coisas e 15 protótipos, sendo sete sensores, cinco dispositivos, três jogos sérios e sistemas, dois robôs e um exergames, realidade virtual e aplicativo. A maioria das gerontecnologias buscava melhora da mobilidade e equilíbrio, sendo cinco desenvolvidas em ambiente hospitalar e domiciliar, respectivamente. Conclusão As gerontecnologias Internet das Coisas podem ser utilizadas como recursos para auxiliar na prevenção de quedas e no fortalecimento da capacidade funcional. Todavia, fazem-se necessárias pesquisas futuras para analisar a eficácia deste tipo de tecnologia para prevenção de quedas em idosos.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar en la literatura las gerontecnologías internet de las cosas desarrolladas para la prevención accidentes por caídas en adultos mayores. Métodos Revisión integradora, realizada de enero a mayo de 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos, sin restricción de período o idioma, con individuos de 60 años o más, que abordaran la utilización de gerontecnologías internet de las cosas para la prevención de caídas. Se excluyeron artículos duplicados. La búsqueda fue realizada mediante la estrategia PIE (población, intervención, efecto/evaluación), que dio como resultado la pregunta "¿Cuáles son las gerontecnologías internet de las cosas desarrolladas para la prevención de accidentes por caídas en adultos mayores disponibles en la literatura?". Se realizó en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus y Web of Science. Se identificó el año, tipo de estudio, país, profesionales involucrados, resultado, lugar de desarrollo y clasificación en gerontecnologías internet de las cosas. Resultados Se identificaron 23 gerontecnologías internet de las cosas. Los años 2018 y 2019 presentaron mayores números de publicaciones. Hubo predominancia de estudios descriptivos, por profesionales de ciencias de la comunicación e ingenieros y desarrollados en Europa, Asia, América del Norte y Oceanía. Se encontraron ocho gerontecnologías internet de las cosas y 15 prototipos, de los cuales siete eran sensores, cinco dispositivos, tres juegos serios y sistemas, dos robots y un exergames, realidad virtual y aplicación. La mayoría de los gerontecnologías buscaba una mejora de la movilidad y el equilibrio, de las cuales cinco fueron desarrolladas en ambiente hospitalario y domiciliario. Conclusión Las gerontecnologías internet de las cosas pueden ser utilizadas como recurso para ayudar en la prevención de caídas y en el fortalecimiento de la capacidad funcional. Sin embargo, es necesario llevar a cabo estudios futuros para analizar la eficacia de este tipo de tecnología para la prevención de caídas en adultos mayores.

Abstract Objective To identify in the literature the Internet of Things gerontechnology developed to prevent accidents by falls in older adults. Methods This integrative review was carried out from January to May 2020. Articles without period or language restriction with individuals aged 60 years or older addressing the use of Internet of Things gerontechnology for fall prevention were included. Duplicate articles were excluded. The search was performed by the PIE strategy (Population, Intervention, Effect/Assessment), resulting in the question: "What Internet of Things gerontechnology developed for accident prevention by falls in older adults available in the literature?". It was performed in the MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Year, type of study, country, professionals involved, outcome, development site and classification in Internet of Things gerontechnology and prototypes were identified. Results Twenty-three Internet of Things gerontechnology were identified. The years 2018 and 2019 had higher numbers of publications. There was a predominance of descriptive studies by computer science professionals and engineers and developed in Europe, Asia, North America and Oceania. Eight Internet of Things gerontechnology and 15 prototypes were found, seven sensors, five devices, three serious games and systems, two robots and one exergames, virtual reality and application. Most gerontechnology sought to improve mobility and balance, five of which were developed in the hospital and home environments, respectively. Conclusion The Internet of Things gerontechnology can be used as resources to assist in fall prevention and strengthening functional capacity. However, future research is needed to analyze the effectiveness of this type of technology for fall prevention in older adults.

Acute toxicity of the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole (individually and in mixture) to the tropical stingless bee Melipona scutellaris.

Stingless bees have been recognized as essential plant pollinators and producers of various natural products in neotropical areas. Research into the potential risks of pesticides they may be exposed to in agricultural fields, however, remains meagre. Especially the toxicity of pesticide mixtures likely to occur under real-world conditions and that are likely to exert synergetic effects has been poorly studied. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the single and mixture acute contact and oral toxicity of commercial products containing the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole in laboratory bioassays with the Brazilian native stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. In addition, a comparison of the insecticide sensitivity of stingless bees relative to the honeybee Apis mellifera was made based on previously published toxicity data. Except for oral exposure to abamectin, M. scutellaris appeared to be more sensitive that A. mellifera in the single compound toxicity tests. A difenoconazole concentration at the NOEC (no observed effect concentration) level indicated a synergetic toxic interaction with abamectin. A sensitivity comparison based on published toxicity data for A. mellifera and stingless bees indicated several insecticidal modes of action having a high relative sensitivity to stingless bees that need especial consideration in future studies. The research findings highlight the need for testing native bee species and environmentally relevant pesticide mixtures in risk assessments to avoid underestimation of potential risks to bee populations and the subsequent loss of pollination ecosystem services.

Trichomonas vaginalis as a risk factor for human papillomavirus: a study with women undergoing cervical cancer screening in a northeast region of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. The latter has contributed to a variety of adverse outcomes for both sexes. Moreover, in Brazil, epidemiological studies on patients with STIs are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of TV and its association with HPV in women undergoing cervical cancer screening. METHODS: Women with a normal cervix were recruited from a community-based cervical cancer screening program. Gynecological examinations were conducted, and questionnaires were provided. Vaginal canal and uterine cervix samples were collected for cytological examinations (reported using the 2001 Bethesda System) and tested for the presence of TV and HPV DNA. RESULTS: In total, 562 women who attended public primary healthcare were included in the study. The T. vaginalis was present in 19.0% (107) and HPV DNA was present in 46.8% (263) of women. Among the women of TV 73.8% (79) had a co-infection with HPV (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that a TV infection is associated with an HPV infection of the cervix as well as with the cervical cytological abnormalities. Further studies could reveal the mechanisms by which these two organisms interact at the cellular level, with control for shared behavioral risk factors.

Three-dimensional Educational Technology for the prevention of accidents caused by falls in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate a three-dimensional educational gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls in the elderly at home. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study, involving the Development of gerontotechnology; Evaluation by specialists and target audience, took place in Fortaleza, State of Ceara, Brazil, from June 2017 to October 2018. For the development, it was used the steps adopted in a booklet and the Casa Segura project for the elderly. 16 specialists and 30 elderly participated in the evaluation, using the Health Promotion Model, by Nola Pende. RESULTS: The scale model has an area of 160 cm2, with four rooms made of Medium Density Fiberboard . Specialists consider technology adequate, with a level of compliance of 87.7% IC95% [87,71-88,42]. All the elderly related that the scale model looked their homes, and 13 of them (43.3%) suggested the construction of a backyard, a possible second floor, corridors, and stairs. CONCLUSION: Gerontotechnology was considered fit to be used in the prevention of falls in the elderly.

Three-dimensional Educational Technology for the prevention of accidents caused by falls in the elderly / Tecnología educacional tridimensional para prevención de accidentes por caídas en ancianos / Tecnologia educacional tridimensional para prevenção de acidentes por quedas em idosos

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate a three-dimensional educational gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls in the elderly at home. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study, involving the Development of gerontotechnology; Evaluation by specialists and target audience, took place in Fortaleza, State of Ceara, Brazil, from June 2017 to October 2018. For the development, it was used the steps adopted in a booklet and the Casa Segura project for the elderly. 16 specialists and 30 elderly participated in the evaluation, using the Health Promotion Model, by Nola Pende. Results: The scale model has an area of 160 cm2, with four rooms made of Medium Density Fiberboard . Specialists consider technology adequate, with a level of compliance of 87.7% IC95% [87,71-88,42]. All the elderly related that the scale model looked their homes, and 13 of them (43.3%) suggested the construction of a backyard, a possible second floor, corridors, and stairs. Conclusion: Gerontotechnology was considered fit to be used in the prevention of falls in the elderly.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar gerontotecnología educacional tridimensional para prevención de caídas en ancianos en domicilio. Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, comprendiendo Desarrollo de gerontotecnología; Evaluación por especialistas y público objeto - realizado en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, de junio de 2017 a octubre de 2018. Para el desarrollo, utilizaron los pasos adoptados en una cartilla y el proyecto Casa Segura para ancianos. Participaron de la evaluación 16 especialistas y 30 ancianos, utilizando el Modelo de Promoción de la Salud, de Nola Pender. Resultados: La maqueta posee área de 160 cm2, con cuatro cómodos en material del tipo Medium Density Fiberboard . Los especialistas consideraron la tecnología adecuada, con nivel de concordancia de 87,7% IC95% [87,71-88,42]. Todos los ancianos informaron que la maqueta se asemeja al domicilio, y 13 de estos (43,3%) sugirieron la construcción de un patio, posibilidad de dos pisos, pasillos y escaleras. Conclusión: La gerontotecnología ha considerada apta para utilización en la prevención de caídas por ancianos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar uma gerontotecnologia educacional tridimensional para prevenção de quedas em idosos no domicílio. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, compreendendo Desenvolvimento de gerontotecnologia; Avaliação por especialistas e público-alvo - realizado em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, de junho de 2017 a outubro de 2018. Para o desenvolvimento, utilizaram-se os passos adotados em uma cartilha e o projeto Casa Segura para idosos. Participaram da avaliação 16 especialistas e 30 idosos, utilizando o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde, de Nola Pender. Resultados: A maquete possui área de 160 cm2, com quatro cômodos em material do tipo Medium Density Fiberboard. Os especialistas consideraram a tecnologia adequada, com nível de concordância de 87,7% IC95% [87,71-88,42]. Todos os idosos relataram que a maquete se assemelhava ao seu domicílio, e 13 destes (43,3%) sugeriram a construção de um quintal, possibilidade de dois andares, corredores e escadas. Conclusão: A gerontotecnologia foi considerada apta para utilização na prevenção de quedas em idosos.

Construção e avaliação de álbum seriado para prevenção de complicações dos pés em diabéticos / Construction and evaluation of a serial album for the prevention of foot complications in diabetics

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o processo de construção e avaliar as evidências de validade de conteúdo e de aparência de álbum seriado para prevenção de complicações dos pés em diabéticos. Métodos: estudo metodológico da construção do material educativo, conforme as etapas: levantamento bibliográfico; construção da tecnologia educativa e validação do conteúdo e aparência por especialistas em diabetes e produção técnica. A escolha de juízes deu-se por conveniência, sendo cinco de conteúdo e dois de aparência. Aplicaram-se o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo e o Suitability Assesment of Materials. Resultados: o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo evidenciou concordância entre juízes, com resultado variando de 0,76 a 1,0. Pela pontuação obtida no Suitability Assesment of Materials, o material foi considerado adequado, com percentual de 44,5%. Conclusão: o álbum seriado foi considerado válido quanto ao conteúdo e aparência, estando apto à validação clínica para uso por profissionais de saúde em atividades de educação em saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the construction process and evaluate the evidence for content and appearance validity of a serial album for the prevention of foot complications in diabetics. Methods: methodological study of the construction of the educational material, according to the following steps: bibliographic survey; construction of the educational technology and validation of content and appearance by experts in diabetes and technical production. The judges were chosen by convenience, five for content and two for appearance. The Content Validation Index and the Suitability Assessment of Materials were applied. Results: the Content Validation Index showed agreement among judges, with a result ranging from 0.76 to 1.0. According to the score obtained in the Suitability Assessment of Materials, the material was considered adequate, with a percentage of 44.5%. Conclusion: the serial album was considered valid for content and appearance and is suitable for clinical validation for use by health professionals in health education activities.

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of the effect of Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) leaf powder on symptoms and quality of life among climacteric women.

OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of Morus nigra L. (MN) leaf powder for treating climacteric symptoms by comparison with hormone therapy (HT) and placebo. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial among 62 climacteric women attending Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil. Women were divided into MN, HT, and placebo groups, and received 250 mg of MN leaf powder, 1 mg of estradiol, or placebo for 60 days. Primary outcomes were the Blatt-Kupperman index (BKI) for climacteric symptoms and SF-36 health questionnaire scores. RESULTS: Baseline sociodemographic variables, BKI scores, symptoms, and SF-36 domains did not differ among the groups. There was a reduction in mean BKI in the MN (17.5 vs 9.7, P<0.001), HT (15.4 vs 8.6, P=0.001), and placebo (16.1 vs 12.4, P=0.040) groups. Analysis of quality of life (QoL) showed that functional capacity (P=0.006), vitality (P=0.031), mental health (P=0.017), and social aspect (P<0.01) improved after treatment in the MN group. The HT group showed improvement in emotional limitation (P=0.040), and the placebo group showed better functional capacity (P=0.030) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Climacteric symptoms and QoL improved after administration of 250 mg of MN leaf powder for 60 days, similar to the effects of HT. The trial is registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC) under registration number RBR-9t4xxk.

Noções de internacionalização nos debates sobre a pós-graduação em Psicologia / Concepts of internationalization in debates over graduate studies in Psychology / Nociones de internacionalización en los debates sobre posgrado en Psicología

A investigação ora apresentada objetivou averiguar quais as noções de internacionalização perpassam as reflexões empreendidas sobre tal processo no âmbito da Pós-Graduação brasileira em Psicologia. Analisou-se documentos de eventos da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação em Psicologia (ANPEPP), responsável por discutir os rumos da pós-graduação na área. Entre os principais resultados, identificou-se que são diversas as formas de conceber a internacionalização: como conjunto de atividades para ampliar a interação entre os pesquisadores nacionais e estrangeiros; como inserção internacional das publicações; como qualidade do conhecimento produzido, dentre outras noções. É relacionada, ainda, com o uso de outro idioma além do nacional, principalmente o inglês. Subjacente a essas ideias, a internacionalização é entendida ora como meio para o desenvolvimento científico e social, ora como um fim em si mesmo. Discute-se as implicações dessas noções para o próprio processo de internacionalização e para a ciência desenvolvida no âmbito da pós-graduação em Psicologia.

The present study aimed at determining which concepts of internationalization are present in the reflections used in this process in Brazilian graduate studies in Psychology. Documents were analyzed from National Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Psychology (ANPEPP) events, which discuss the direction of graduate studies in the area. The primary results demonstrate that there are several forms of conceiving internationalization, such as activities to broaden interaction between national and foreign researchers; publish in international journals; and improve the quality of the knowledge produced, in addition to using languages other than Portuguese, mainly English. Underlying these ideas, internationalization is understood as both a means for scientific and social development and an end in itself. The implications of these concepts for the internationalization process and the science developed in graduate studies in Psychology are also discussed

La investigación presentada tuvo como objetivo investigar qué nociones de internacionalización impregnan las reflexiones sobre tal proceso en el Posgrado Brasileño en Psicología. Se analizaron documentos de la Asociación Nacional de Investigación y Posgrado en Psicología (ANPEPP), encargada de discutir las orientaciones del posgrado en el área. Entre los principales resultados, se identificó que existen varias formas de concebir la internacionalización: como conjunto de actividades para ampliar la interacción entre investigadores nacionales y extranjeros; como inserción internacional de publicaciones; como calidad del conocimiento producido, entre otras nociones. También se relaciona con el uso de un idioma distinto al brasileño, especialmente el inglés. Subyacente a estas ideas, la internacionalización se entiende o como un medio para el desarrollo científico y social, o como un fin en sí mismo. Se discuten las consecuencias de estas nociones para el p

Human Papillomavirus and Coronary Artery Disease in Climacteric Women: Is There an Association?

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death worldwide. Recent studies suggest that infection by some viruses, including the human papillomavirus (HPV), may increase the risk of developing atheromatous lesions on coronary arteries. However, there is a lack of data regarding the possible association between HPV infection and coronary artery disease (CAD) in women. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether HPV infection is associated with the occurrence of CAD among climacteric women. METHODS: The presence of CAD and cervical HPV DNA was investigated in 52 climacteric women. Social and demographic variables and metabolic profiles were also investigated. RESULTS: Among 27 women with CAD, 16 were positive for HPV, whereas 11 were negative. The presence of cervical HPV was strongly associated with CAD, after adjusting for demographic variables, health and sexual behaviors, comorbidities, and known cardiovascular risk factors. HPV-positive women showed a greater likelihood of having CAD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 to 11.96) as compared with HPV-negative women, particularly those infected with high-risk HPV types (OR = 4.90; 95% CI: 1.26 to 19.08). CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that HPV infection might be associated with CAD among climacteric women, though further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved.

Should the 6-Minute Walk Test Be Compared When Conducted by 2 Different Assessors in Subjects With COPD?

BACKGROUND: The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is an important tool in the assessment of functional capacity and prognosis in patients with COPD. However, especially in long-term follow-up in clinical settings, this test may be executed by a different assessor, and it is not well known whether 6MWT has an acceptable inter-rater reliability. The aim of this study is to analyze the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the performance in 6MWT, its cardiorespiratory changes, and effort perception in subjects with COPD. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects with a diagnosis of COPD participated in the study, but 3 subjects did not appear on the second day of evaluation and therefore were included only in the intra-rater analysis; the first and second tests were executed by the same assessor with a 30-min interval between them, and the last was executed by a different assessor a week later. The intra-rater reliability was verified comparing the first and second 6MWT performance, and the inter-rater reliability was verified comparing the third test with the best performance of the first and second tests. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient values were >0.75 (P < .001) for the walked distance on the 6MWT; however, the limits of agreement, SE of measurement, and minimal detectable difference were higher than the minimum clinically important differences already mentioned in the literature (∼25, 26, and 54 m), and the coefficient of variation was small in both intra- and inter-rater comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: The 6MWT showed excellent reliability for distance and perceived exertion and moderate to excellent for HR and SD as assessed by intra- and inter-rater analysis. Thus, based on the main study outcomes, we concluded that the 6MWT can be compared when conducted by 2 different evaluators.

As políticas sociais nas disciplinas dos cursos de graduação em Psicologia no Brasil / Social policies in subjects of undergraduate courses in Psychology in Brazil

Objetivou-se investigar o tema “política social” nas disciplinas dos cursos de Psicologia no Brasil. Foram analisados 40 Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos e Instituições de Ensino Superior com distintas características (natureza jurídica, organização acadêmica e localização geográfica). Destes, identificou-se ementas de disciplinas a partir de critérios prévios e classificou-se quanto as áreas da Psicologia e conteúdo temático. Os principais resultados apontam a presença do tema em 8,3% das 2600 disciplinas analisadas, de forma pulverizada entre as instituições, sendo “Política social” estudada no Núcleo Comum (70%) e articulada com áreas especializadas da Psicologia (85%). Percebe-se que a abordagem mais ampla de políticas sociais, essencial para um profissional crítico, não ocorre de modo sistemático. Sugere-se investigar as orientações teórico-políticas tratadas nas disciplinas.(AU)

It aims to investigate the theme “social policy” in subjects of psychology undergraduate courses in Brazil. 40 Projetos Pedagógicos de Curso were analyzed, from institutions with different aspects (funds origin, academic organization and localization in Brazil). Syllabus related to the theme were identified by previous criteria and classified in Psychologic fields and main subject. Results show the theme on 8.3% of 2600 subjects analyzed, in a spread way between institutions. “Social policy” is studied mainly in Núcleo Comum (70%) and articulated with specialized areas of psychology (75%). The approach to “social policy” in a broad perspective, essential for a critical professional, does not occur systematically. It is still necessary to investigate the theoretical and political orientations in the subjects treated.(AU)

As políticas sociais nas disciplinas dos cursos de graduação em psicologia no Brasil / Social policies in subjects of undergraduate courses in psychology in Brazil

Objetivou-se investigar o tema “política social” nas disciplinas dos cursos de Psicologia no Brasil. Foram analisados 40 Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos e Instituições de Ensino Superior com distintas características (natureza jurídica, organização acadêmica e localização geográfica). Destes, identificou-se ementas de disciplinas a partir de critérios prévios e classificou-se quanto as áreas da Psicologia e conteúdo temático. Os principais resultados apontam a presença do tema em 8,3% das 2600 disciplinas analisadas, de forma pulverizada entre as instituições, sendo “Política social” estudada no Núcleo Comum (70%) e articulada com áreas especializadas da Psicologia (85%). Percebe-se que a abordagem mais ampla de políticas sociais, essencial para um profissional crítico, não ocorre de modo sistemático. Sugere-se investigar as orientações teórico-políticas tratadas nas disciplinas.

It aims to investigate the theme “social policy” in subjects of psychology undergraduate courses in Brazil. 40 Projetos Pedagógicos de Curso were analyzed, from institutions with different aspects (funds origin, academic organization and localization in Brazil). Syllabus related to the theme were identified by previous criteria and classified in Psychologic fields and main subject. Results show the theme on 8.3% of 2600 subjects analyzed, in a spread way between institutions. “Social policy” is studied mainly in Núcleo Comum (70%) and articulated with specialized areas of psychology (75%). The approach to “social policy” in a broad perspective, essential for a critical professional, does not occur systematically. It is still necessary to investigate the theoretical and political orientations in the subjects treated.

Produção científica em Psicologia nos cursos de graduação de psicólogos / Papers of College students' of Psychology under investigation / Producción científica en psicología en la formación de grado de psicólogos

Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a presença da produção científica nacional em Psicologia na formação graduada de psicólogos do Rio Grande do Norte. Focalizaram-se referências bibliográficas (básicas e complementares) em planos de ensino de disciplinas do Núcleo Comum da formação, ministradas em 2011, em três cursos do Estado. Analisaram-se aspectos bibliográficos e contextuais da produção, como nacionalidade, vinculação dos autores a Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPGs), eixo estruturante da disciplina à qual pertence, entre outros. Os resultados revelaram que a produção científica brasileira de Psicologia está presente na graduação - algo positivo, visto sua importância para o desenvolvimento da área. Porém, tal inserção é menos expressiva que o crescimento da produção nos PPGs. A prevalência de publicações estrangeiras na maioria dos eixos estruturantes indica lacunas da produção nacional em alguns domínios investigativos da Psicologia e descompasso entre o que é investigado nos PPGs e o que é visto na graduação da área(AU)

This research aims to analyze the presence of scientific production in psychologists' undergraduate in Rio Grande do Norte. It focuses on the bibliography suggested on the subject plans of the basic undergraduate curriculum in Psychology, held in 2011, in three courses. The analysis refers to bibliographic and contextual aspects of the production, such as nationality and professional bonds of the authors from Postgraduate Programs. The results revealed that Brazilian scientific production in Psychology can be found on the undergraduate curriculum. Nevertheless, the inclusion of Brazilian scientific production on the psychologists' undergraduate courses is not as expressive as its growth in Postgraduate Programs, which indicates gaps on some researching domains on the national Psychology and a discrepancy between what is investigated in Postgraduate Programs and what is studied during the undergraduate courses(AU)

Esta investigación objetiva analizar la presencia de la producción científica brasileña en la formación de grado de psicólogos de Rio Grande do Norte. Se apuntó hacia las referencias bibliográficas recomendadas en las asignaturas del Núcleo Común curricular, profesadas en 2011, en tres cursos. El análisis fue acerca de aspectos bibliográficos y contextuales de la producción, como la nacionalidad, vinculación de los autores a los Programas de Posgrado, eje estructural de la asignatura. Los resultados han revelado que la producción científica brasileña de Psicología está presente en el currículo, algo positivo, dada su importancia para el desarrollo de la zona. Sin embargo, dicha inserción en la formación de psicólogos ocurre de modo menos expresivo que su crecimiento en los Programas de Posgrado. La prevalencia de publicaciones extranjeras en la mayoría de los ejes estructurales indica huecos en el desarrollo de algunos dominios investigativos de la Psicología nacional y el descompaso entre lo que es investigado en los cursos de Posgrado y lo que es estudiado en el grado(AU)

Produção científica em psicologia nos cursos de graduação de psicólogos / Papers of college students' of psychology under investigation / Producción científica en psicología en la formación de grado de psicólogos

Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a presença da produção científica nacional em Psicologia na formação graduada de psicólogos do Rio Grande do Norte. Focalizaram-se referências bibliográficas (básicas e complementares) em planos de ensino de disciplinas do Núcleo Comum da formação, ministradas em 2011, em três cursos do Estado. Analisaram-se aspectos bibliográficos e contextuais da produção, como nacionalidade, vinculação dos autores a Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPGs), eixo estruturante da disciplina à qual pertence, entre outros. Os resultados revelaram que a produção científica brasileira de Psicologia está presente na graduação - algo positivo, visto sua importância para o desenvolvimento da área. Porém, tal inserção é menos expressiva que o crescimento da produção nos PPGs. A prevalência de publicações estrangeiras na maioria dos eixos estruturantes indica lacunas da produção nacional em alguns domínios investigativos da Psicologia e descompasso entre o que é investigado nos PPGs e o que é visto na graduação da área

This research aims to analyze the presence of scientific production in psychologists' undergraduate in Rio Grande do Norte. It focuses on the bibliography suggested on the subject plans of the basic undergraduate curriculum in Psychology, held in 2011, in three courses. The analysis refers to bibliographic and contextual aspects of the production, such as nationality and professional bonds of the authors from Postgraduate Programs. The results revealed that Brazilian scientific production in Psychology can be found on the undergraduate curriculum. Nevertheless, the inclusion of Brazilian scientific production on the psychologists' undergraduate courses is not as expressive as its growth in Postgraduate Programs, which indicates gaps on some researching domains on the national Psychology and a discrepancy between what is investigated in Postgraduate Programs and what is studied during the undergraduate courses

Esta investigación objetiva analizar la presencia de la producción científica brasileña en la formación de grado de psicólogos de Rio Grande do Norte. Se apuntó hacia las referencias bibliográficas recomendadas en las asignaturas del Núcleo Común curricular, profesadas en 2011, en tres cursos. El análisis fue acerca de aspectos bibliográficos y contextuales de la producción, como la nacionalidad, vinculación de los autores a los Programas de Posgrado, eje estructural de la asignatura. Los resultados han revelado que la producción científica brasileña de Psicología está presente en el currículo, algo positivo, dada su importancia para el desarrollo de la zona. Sin embargo, dicha inserción en la formación de psicólogos ocurre de modo menos expresivo que su crecimiento en los Programas de Posgrado. La prevalencia de publicaciones extranjeras en la mayoría de los ejes estructurales indica huecos en el desarrollo de algunos dominios investigativos de la Psicología nacional y el descompaso entre lo que es investigado en los cursos de Posgrado y lo que es estudiado en el grado

Validity of the six-minute step test of free cadence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the concurrent validity of the six-minute step test (6MST) in assessing exercise capacity of COPD patients using the six-minute walk test (6MWT) as a gold-standard. The predictive validity of the 6MST was assessed to determine a cut-off point for identification of low exercise capacity. METHOD: thirty-two COPD patients (50-87 years old) with mild to very severe obstruction performed the 6MST and 6MWT twice. RESULTS: Concurrent validity: a strong positive correlation (Pearson) between the number of ascents on the first (T1), second (T2) and the best of both (T1 or T2) tests during the 6MWT was observed. Although a moderate negative correlation with BODE index and FEV1 was found, it was considered insufficient to test the validity, therefore ROC curves were not applied. The predictive validity (ROC) of the 6MST to identify low physical capacity (compared with the 6MWT) using the performance of T1 or T2, or solely T1 was considered accurate, and the area under the curve was 0.8 (IC95% 0.62-0.98) and 0.85 (IC95% 0.70-0.99), respectively. To classify patients, the cut-off points of 86 and 78 steps were chosen, with both values showing 90% of sensitivity and specificity of 64% and 68% for T1 or T2, or solely T1, respectively. CONCLUSION: The number of steps on the 6MST was valid to verify exercise capacity in COPD patients and the cut-off point of 78 steps was able to identify patients with poor exercise tolerance. Values under this cut-off point are considered to identify patients with a poorer prognosis.

Validity of the six-minute step test of free cadence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Validade do teste de degrau de seis minutos de cadência livre em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

Objectives: to evaluate the concurrent validity of the six-minute step test (6MST) in assessing exercise capacity of COPD patients using the six-minute walk test (6MWT) as a gold-standard. The predictive validity of the 6MST was assessed to determine a cut-off point for identification of low exercise capacity. Method: thirty-two COPD patients (50-87 years old) with mild to very severe obstruction performed the 6MST and 6MWT twice. Results: Concurrent validity: a strong positive correlation (Pearson) between the number of ascents on the first (T1), second (T2) and the best of both (T1 or T2) tests during the 6MWT was observed. Although a moderate negative correlation with BODE index and FEV1 was found, it was considered insufficient to test the validity, therefore ROC curves were not applied. The predictive validity (ROC) of the 6MST to identify low physical capacity (compared with the 6MWT) using the performance of T1 or T2, or solely T1 was considered accurate, and the area under the curve was 0.8 (IC95% 0.62-0.98) and 0.85 (IC95% 0.70-0.99), respectively. To classify patients, the cut-off points of 86 and 78 steps were chosen, with both values showing 90% of sensitivity and specificity of 64% and 68% for T1 or T2, or solely T1, respectively. Conclusion: The number of steps on the 6MST was valid to verify exercise capacity in COPD patients and the cut-off point of 78 steps was able to identify patients with poor exercise tolerance. Values under this cut-off point are considered to identify patients with a poorer prognosis. .

Objetivos: Avaliar a validade concorrente do desempenho no teste de degrau de seis minutos (TD6) em analisar a capacidade física da DPOC, relacionando-o com o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), bem como verificar a presença de validade de critério preditiva do TD6, determinando um valor de corte para identificar baixa capacidade física. Método: Trinta e dois pacientes com DPOC estágios leve-muito grave, de ambos os sexos, entre 50-87 anos, realizaram dois TD6 e dois TC6. Resultados: Validade concorrente: observou-se correlação forte positiva (Pearson) entre o número de subidas do primeiro (T1), segundo (T2) e do melhor dos dois (T1 ou T2) TD6 com a distância percorrida no TC6. Embora constatamos correlações negativas entre os desempenhos no TD6 com o índice BODE e VEF1, essas não foram suficientes para caracterizar validade, não sendo traçadas as curvas ROC. A validade preditiva (curvas ROC) do TD6 para identificar baixa capacidade física (comparação com o TC6), utilizando o desempenho do T1 ou T2 ou somente do T1, foi considerada acurada para alguns propósitos, sendo a área abaixo da curva de 0,8 (IC95% 0,62-0,98) e 0,85 (IC95% 0,70-0,99), respectivamente. Para classificar os pacientes, escolhemos o ponto de corte de 86 e 78 degraus, apresentando sensibilidade de 90% e 90% e especificidade de 64% e 68%, para T1 ou T2 e somente T1, respectivamente. Conclusão: O desempenho no TD6 apresentou-se válido para verificar capacidade física na DPOC e identificou pacientes com baixa capacidade física, utilizando como ponto de corte 78 degraus, em que valores abaixo disso representaram pior prognóstico. .

Reprodutibilidade do teste de caminhada e do degrau de 6 minutos em adultos jovens saudáveis / Reproducibility of the six-minute walk and step tests in healthy young adults / Reproductibilidad del test de caminata y del escalón de 6 minutos en adultos jóvenes saludables

INTRODUÇÃO: Os testes caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) e degrau de seis minutos (TD6) são meios de avaliação da capacidade funcional. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre sua reprodutibilidade em adultos jovens. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade relativa e absoluta tanto intra quanto inter-avaliadores do TC6 e TD6 em indivíduos adultos jovens. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 33 indivíduos adultos jovens aparentemente saudáveis por meio da espirometria; e realizados os testes TC6 e TD6. Três (T1, T2 e T3) TC6 e TD6 foram feitos em cada indivíduo, sendo o último de cada teste realizado por um avaliador diferente. Para a análise intra-avaliadores foram comparados os desempenhos do T1 e T2 enquanto que a análise inter-avaliadores foi feita pela comparação dos desempenhos do T3 com: T1; T2; e escolha do melhor dos primeiros dois testes. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (CCI) como medida da reprodutibilidade relativa; o erro padrão de medida; a diferença mínima detectável; traçados gráficos de Bland-Altman e teste ANOVA para analisar a reprodutibilidade absoluta. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se, nos dois testes funcionais, intra e inter-avaliadores, valores excelentes de reprodutibilidade relativa (CCI>0,75) e a reprodutibilidade absoluta mostrou alto erro. CONCLUSÃO: O TD6 e o TC6 apresentaram reprodutibilidade intra e inter-avaliadores excelente para a população adulto jovem, mas altos valores de erro. .

INTRODUCTION: Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Six Minute Step Test (6MST) are tests to evaluate functional capacity. However, reproducibility of these tests is still not well known in young adults. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intra and inter-rater relative and absolute reproducibility of 6MWT and 6MST in young adults. METHODS: Thirty-three apparently health young adults were evaluated through spirometry, 6MWT and 6MST. Three (T1, T2 and T3) of each 6MWT and 6MST were carried out on each individual, the latter (T3) by a different evaluator. Intra-rater analysis was performed comparing the performance of T1 and T2, while the inter-rater analysis was executed using the comparisons of T3 with T1, T2 and the best result of the first two. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated as a measure of relative reproducibility; the standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, Bland-Altman plots and repeated measures ANOVA were used to verify absolute reproducibility. RESULTS: Excellent values of relative reproducibility (ICC>0.75) were observed in both 6MWT and 6MST, yet high error values were found in absolute reproducibility analysis. CONCLUSION: 6MWT and 6MST present excellent intra and inter-rater relative reproducibility, but high error values. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los tests de caminata de seis minutos (TC6) y escalón de seis minutos (TD6) son medios de evaluación de la capacidad funcional. Mientras tanto, poco se sabe sobre su reproductibilidad en adultos jóvenes. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la reproductibilidad relativa y absoluta tanto intra como inter-evaluadores del TC6 y TD6 en individuos adultos jóvenes. MÉTODOS: Fueron evaluados 33 individuos adultos jóvenes aparentemente saludables por medio de espirometría; y realizados los tests TC6 y TD6. Tres (T1, T2 y T3) TC6 y TD6 fueron hechos en cada individuo, siendo el último de cada test realizado por un evaluador diferente. Para el análisis intra-evaluadores fueron comparados los desempeños del T1 y T2 mientras que el análisis inter-evaluadores fue hecho por la comparación de los desempeños del T3 con: T1; T2; y selección del mejor de los primeros dos tests. Fue calculado el coeficiente de correlación intra-clase (CCI) como medida de la reproductibilidad relativa; el Error Estándar de Medida; la diferencia mínima detectable; trazados gráficos de Bland-Altman y test ANOVA para analizar la reproductibilidad absoluta. RESULTADOS: Se observaron, en los dos tests funcionales, intra e inter-evaluadores, valores excelentes de reproductibilidad relativa (CCI>0,75) y la reproductibilidad absoluta mostró alto error. CONCLUSIÓN: El TD6 y el TC6 presentaron reproductibilidad intra e inter-evaluadores excelente para la población adulto joven, pero altos valores de error. .